Can I form a Swiss Association or (D)UNA?
Beyond U.S. LLCs, OtoCo offers two non-U.S. entity types for international and DAO use cases.
Swiss Association — $299/yr
A Swiss Association (Verein) under Articles 60–79 of the Swiss Civil Code. Instant onchain formation — no notarization required.
Best for:
- DAO services platforms needing European legal standing
- Core developer collectives and protocol foundations
- Multi-member, multi-jurisdiction operations
Requirements:
- At least two founding member wallets (both sign the formation transaction)
- $299/yr annual fee
Guide: How to Form a Swiss Association
(D)UNA — $499/yr + $2,000 at DUNA status
Start with an Unincorporated Non-profit Association that automatically upgrades to a Decentralized UNA (DUNA) when your DAO reaches 100+ token holders.
Best for:
- DAOs with governance tokens and dispersed holder bases
- Limited liability for token holders without centralized KYC
- Non-profit-purpose organisations (public goods, protocol governance)
Pricing:
- $499/yr to form and run the association
- +$2,000 one-time when DUNA status is reached (100+ members or token holders)
Guide: How to Form a (D)UNA
Choosing between them